Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors Share Tetrameric Structure With The Voltage GatedPotassium Channel
...ed current when three molecules were bound and was fully open with four molecules bound. The easiest interpretation of that result is that the receptor has a tetrameric structure, similar to most voltage dependent channels. The finding that the current flow depends o...As A 'Carbon Sponge,' Iron-Poor Coastal Waters Can't Always Do The Job, NaturePaper Shows
...l climate change is still controversial and notyet fully understood, but biological uptake of carbon dioxide by the coastalocean is one important piece of the fossil-fuel puzzle," Hutchins says. "Globalclimate-change models reflect a host of complex physical events--including theamount of carbon dioxide st...International Research Team Announces Discovery Of Two Species Of Feathered Dinosaurs
...elociraptor, although that relationship is not yet fully resolved."At this point, the evidence indicating that birds are derived from dinosaurs isabsolutely overwhelming," says Dr. Norell. "We have dozens of anatomicalattributes that unambiguously connect the theropod dinosaur lineage to that ofbirds. Th...Gene Variant Found That Can Help Protect Against Nicotine Addiction
...6, including a normal, or wild-type allele that is fully functional, andtwo null or inactive alleles. People with the null alleles functionally lackthe enzyme and are unable to break down nicotine to cotinine. When comparing agroup of smokers to a group that had tried tobacco but had never become addicte...Genetic Defect Protects Against Smoking
...ide. People who inherit twowild type genes have a fully functioning nicotine metabolism, while thosecarrying a wild type plus one of the null alleles have the defect. Less thanone per cent of the population has two CYP2A6 null alleles. The researchers studied two groups of people to determine if ...Evidence From Old Tumors Foretells Which New Breast Cancer Patients Will RequireAdditional Treatment
...er surgery -- and have beenfollowed long enough to fully express the malignant potential of the disease. While 91 percent of patients with high nm23 were alive an average of 14 yearsafter treatment, only 70 percent of those with low nm23 survived that long. Thelack of angiogenesis -- growth of new blood ve...Harbor Branch Oceanographic Trains Displaced Fishermen And Women In New Careers As Aquafarmers
...tly been addedto the existing facilites and is now fully operational. The new facilitydemonstrates the next generation of technology in clam hatchery, larval rearingand microalgae production in support of the industry. By the end of 1998,Florida should be come the leading producer of hard clams in the U....Security Code Helps Immune Cells Attack Foe And Spare Self
...C2, A1, A2, B2, C1. A helper cell becomes fully active only when all six phosphates are inplace. But the two resting-state phosphates may prime the pump, Allen says. The study suggests that punching in the security code may buy time toproperly proofread the antigen, preventing the helper ...New Long-Term Ecological Research Site Funded For Plum Island Sound Ecosystems Study
...happeningin estuaries," explains Taylor, "we don't fully understand the consequences ofactivities like damming of rivers, land-use changes and removal of floodplains." Often, human influences on these systems result in opposing effects. Clearing of land, for example, increases sediment in a draina...Diabetes Drug And Accutane Block Breast Cancer Cell Growth, Cedars-Sinai Researchers Find
...s. The way in which the drugs work is not fully understood, although their successis probably due to their targeting of distinct receptors on breast cancer cellsthat give them an edge over other cells, Dr. Koeffler said. Troglitazone binds two receptors found in tumor cells: a steroid re...Open-Air Experiment Shows High CO2 Boosts Tree Growth
...icated," a gold standard for research. The fully replicated FACTS-1 experiment began in 1997 after additionalfunding from the U.S. Department of Energy allowed construction of six morerings. Project organizers at Duke and Brookhaven hope it can continue operationfor at least a decade, allowing scie...Genetically-Altered Crops Can Produce Tough, Hard-To-Kill Weeds
...tudy oilseed rapeand Brassica rapa in the field to fully gauge the benefits of herbicideresistance in the weed. "I don't like to paint this as an emergency, or as a disaster waiting tohappen. I just think it's important to understand what we're doing when wecreate transgenic crops, and delay the p...USGS Scientists Learn Lessons From Captive Released Manatees
...ve fared well despite his ordeal andis expected to fully recover," said Dr. Mike Walsh, a SeaWorld Orlando biologistwho participated in Mo's rescue. However, Walsh added, Mo would almostcertainly have died without human intervention, given his location, conditionand disorientation. Added USGS biologist Re...UV Skin Damage In A Different Light
...e to a whole spectrum of light, slice by slice, to fully understand themolecule's physiological effects. Please mention support for this work from the National Institute of GeneralMedical Sciences (NIGMS), a component of the National Institutes of Health thatsupports basic biomedical research. Please fax ...Cattle Diets Could Control E. Coli Danger
...E. coli" O157:H7 in theirfeces, a rate that is not fully explained. When beef carcasses are accidentally contaminated by feces at slaughter, thepathogens can enter the human food supply. "E. coli" O157:H7 can be killed bycooking or irradiation, but the bacterium continues to pose a food-safety risk. ...Cattle Diet Implicated In Harmful Human E. Coli Infection As Reported In Science Magazine
...e don't have enough of a starch-digesting enzymeto fully process this diet, the starch makes it all the way through thedigestive process to the colon, where it ferments. This acidifies the colonenvironment, which E. coli inhabits. And, if E. coli is grownunder these acidic conditions, it can develop t...New Study Highlights Hazards On Hormone Disrupting Chemicals
...samegroups of chemicals. Their functions cannot be fully understood in isolation. EDSs may induce changes in the normal development, cause different degrees ofsex reversal andaffect behaviour. Around the world, numerous incidences have been reported ofhumans or wildlifehave been exposed to potential EDSs....Cardinals Can Recognize Gender By Song, Columbia University Biologist Finds
...bies acquire speech -- a process that is still not fully understood. By working with baby cardinals, Ayako Yamaguchi, postdoctoral researchscientist at Columbia, found that male birds can learn songs from adult females,and females from males. But as the birds grow, their songs become different,pro...Hopkins Study Reveals Key Details On How We Get Energy
...TP, and at the third site, the rotationreadies the fully formed ATP to pop off the synthase molecule, for usethroughout the cell. The Hopkins team captured the image of the ATP synthase cap while all ofits sites were in some stage of making ATP, which is essential for the constantrecycling of its......r, it infects the host cellas if it were a normal, fully functional virus. Thus, the Retro-X System cansuccessfully infect up to 100 percent of target cells. The system also is notedfor its ability to achieve stable gene expression in those targeted cells,potentially yielding long-term therapeutic results....