Scientists learn how adjuvant makes vaccines effective
...ols. However, researchers had noticed that B cells must be prepared, or primed, if they are to be stimulated through this signaling pathway. If not primed, they will do nothing or even self-destruct. Priming, however, had been mainly observed in cell cultures. The National Jewish team wanted to determine ...Salmonella infects cells and saves itself by altering host membrane lipids
...ome. Therefore, to survive and replicate, bacteria must act rapidly to avoid this pathway to degradation. Salmonella, the bacterium that causes food poisoning and typhoid fever, can do that. "Salmonella have an elegant strategy for surviving and replicating and avoiding this cellular disposal syst......g force, which is larger than we can explain. This must be balanced by other effects that are not properly...nedy acknowledged, but policymakers and the public must take action now. "We're in the middle of a large, uncontrolled experiment on the only planet we have...A gene that keeps species apart
...r mechanisms of reproductive isolation, biologists must first identify candidate hybrid incompatibility genes. Species- or lineage- specific functional divergence is an essential trait of these genes. (That is, the genes evolve different functions after the species diverge from their common ancestor.) Wh...Conflicting views on embryonic and adult stem cells complicate research in stem cell therapeutics
...organ transplants and regenerating damaged tissues must be cultured under GMP (good manufacturing practice) conditions in order to meet the FDA quality standards," concludes Austin....Scientists identify cells that lead to retinoblastoma
...malignant tumour, there are a chain of events that must occur for a person to develop cancer, which must overcome each one of the body's natural protective barriers that guard against tumour growth," expla...UCLA researchers recreate patterns formed by mammalian cells
...oming together (inhibitor). The inhibitor protein must diffuse or disperse more rapidly than the activator. The result creates areas where cells pile up separated by empty spaces. The exact patterns depend on the strength and speed of the two proteins. The UCLA researchers knew the likely activator pro......ndicates that genes involved in embryo development must work at both ends of a nerve before the nerve is a... each side of the face) to develop properly, Hoxb1 must be active or "expressed" at both ends of the brain-to-face circuit. When the researchers disable...Yale researchers discover new potential asthma therapeutic targets related to parasites and insects
...n is not present in our mouse models, this protein must be acting on something other than chitin. We do not know what that is right now." The team also found that the protein is present in the airways of human asthmatics but not in control lungs. "We are hopeful that blocking AMCase in human asthmatics w...Fat cells could provide the key to a longer life
..., but humans live for only 75. This suggests there must be a genetic determinant of the rate of ageing and these regulatory mechanisms can be set differently in different species. All we have to do is crack the code to reset the clock and our research takes this a step closer." The possibility of extendin...Deciphering the limits to human maximal exercise performance
...g maximal exercise in the upright position, humans must restrain the voracity for blood flow of active muscles. This finding may facilitate the comprehension of several pathologic conditions characterised by reduced exercise tolerance and may guide some new therapeutic approaches....Strengthening independent junior research groups in collaborative research centres
... of the traditional Collaborative Research Centre, must be located at either two or three universities, and have a sustainable capacity building effect at each location. The conventional guidelines for Collaborative Research Centres apply regarding participation from outside the universities and the prov...NIH launches first center in Nationwide Chemical Genomics Network
... It provides a framework of the priorities the NIH must address in order to optimize its entire research portfolio and lays out a vision for a more efficient and productive system of medical research. Additional information about the NIH Roadmap can be found at its Web site, http://www.nihroadmap.nih.go...Need sex? It's probably something about stress
... a long time and lots of organisms do it, so there must be a good reason, scientists figured. One explanation for sex is that valuable genetic variation is created by the mixing of genes that occurs, first when sperm and eggs are formed and again when they merge. But about 15 years a...Nanotechnology pioneer slays 'grey goo' myths
... Drexler slays the myth that molecular manufacture must use dangerous self-replicating machines. "Runaway replicators, while theoretically possible according to the laws of physics, cannot be built with today's nanotechnology toolset," says Dr. Drexler, founder of the Foresight Institute, in California,...Four tourist destinations named best worldwide
... greatly influences the very future of tourism. We must protect the places we love for following generations." Close to 700 million people travel internationally each year, and that figure is expected to double to 1.4 billion by the year 2020. Travel and tourism accounts for 11 percent of global gross...First ever standards linking climate change, biodiversity and poverty seek global peer review
...and communities. To earn certification, a project must satisfy minimum requirements in each of these areas. A project must also score 50 out of 100 points for each of the components. This scoring system will also enable CC...Parting genomes: UA biologists discover seeds of speciation
...gy parlance--responsible for creating sterile sons must not yet be "fixed," or firmly established in D. mojavensis populations. And that is a telltale sign that the change was recent. Reed wanted to know just how deeply the polymorphism causing male sterility had suffused Catalina Island D. mojavensis po...New laboratory model can be used to test new treatments for pediatric eye cancer
...py. Unfortunately, in many cases, one or both eyes must be removed if other treatments fail. Effective drug therapy would greatly improve both the chance of survival among these children as well as preserve their vision. A key genetic defect in both children and the St. Jude retinoblastoma mouse is the la...Researchers develop blood test that can detect genetic changes in progressive breast cancer
...od test to be considered worthwhile, research also must show that therapy with Herceptin alone or in addition to a chemotherapeutic agent can cause remissions in a significant number of patients. ...