New, more direct pathways from outside the cell-to-cell nuclei discovered
...hattered a long-held belief that no direct pathway exists between material outside of a cell and the cell nucleus. (The cell is the smallest metabolically functional unit of life.) It was already known that material outside of a cell can migrate into a cell. This occurs through processes known as endocyto...Smithsonian scientists show differing patterns of rainforest biodiversity
...t this has not been rigorously tested. Little data exists for species distributions in these vast forests, particularly for insects, which make up a large share of the worlds biodiversity. An international group of entomologists and botanists, including Smithsonian researchers, has assembled data represen...A sensory organ, not the brain, differentiates male and female behavior in some mammals
... new model where exactly the same neural circuitry exists in males and females," Dulac says. "In this model, only the vomeronasal pathway itself -- which serves as a switch that represses male behavior while promoting female behavior -- is dimorphic. While male and female bodies are strikingly different phy...Immunity in social amoeba suggests ancient beginnings
...ournal Science. Dictyostelium discoideum usually exists as a single-celled organism. However, when stressed by starvation, the single cells band together to form a slug that can move. Eventually the slug changes to produce cells that perform specific functions spores and stalks. In this new report, Dr. A......spores into active, growing organisms. That chance exists for a few hours when the invaders are inside immune cells in the lung and then pass from the lungs to the lymph nodes. Once the bacteria reach the bloodstream, they become unrecognizable to immune cells there. At this stage, they cause death from ......t-hardy flocks. The disease dermatosparaxis also exists in other breeds but White Dorper breeders are the ...support from the Breeders Society. "The mutation exists in sheep from most of the Australian flocks weve tested," Dr Berg said. Technical assistant Nelso...Researchers find pathway that controls cell size and division
...n perturbed FtsZ ring formation. In the cell, FtsZ exists in a balance between its unassembled and assembled state. The enzyme trio regulated FtsZ ring formation by changing this balancepushing FtsZ towards its unassembled state when the cells were growing in nutrient-rich conditions, thereby delaying cell ...Report recommends off-site disposal of secondary waste
...odified somewhat since then, great disparity still exists between how each site manages waste. For instance...h type of incinerator with each agent, enough data exists to avoid further trial burns in many cases. The report recommends using this process of data submis...Females more prone to brain damage from alcohol abuse
...han male mice. It also found the gender difference exists whether the animals are prone to severe withdrawal due to a genetic predisposition, or resistant to it. Wiren said she was surprised by the results. "We designed the experiment to be able to identify gene expression differences between lines of m...Fruit fly gene from 'out of nowhere' is discovered
...in any known genome. The new gene, called hydra , exists in only a small number of species of Drosophila fruit flies, which suggests it was created about 13 million years ago, when these melanogaster subgroup species diverged from a common ancestor. And early evidence indicates that the new gene is fu...What determines the speed at which birds fly?
...ntly among different types of bird, and that there exists a diversity of cruising flight characteristics among birds that remain to be explored and understood....Biodesign Institute leads innovative project to prevent cancer
... We believe the technology and knowledge base now exists to determine whether or not this idea is feasible, said Johnston. If we are successful in our approach, we hope to bring a vaccine candidate to clinical trials by the end of the grant period....MU researchers make discovery in molecular mechanics of phototropism
...mulated NPH3s dephosphorylation, Liscum said. NPH3 exists as a phosphorylated protein in darkness and is rapidly dephosphorylated by a yet unidentified protein phosphatase in response to phot1 photoactivation by blue light. Liscum and Pedmale now plan to study which amino acids on NPH3 are reversibly pho...Doing nature one better: Expanding the genetic code in living mammalian cells
...n for which no corresponding tRNA/amino acid pair exists lets everybody know that this particular job is done. From a large pool of mutated aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases the enzyme that loads tRNAs with their corresponding amino acids Wang selected the one that would attach a desired artificial amino ac......ba of Tohoku University found that a new trade-off exists in animal feeding behavior. The team suggests that diversification of carabid beetles could be caused by a force and fit trade-off. There are both elongate, small-headed and stout, large-headed carabid beetles that feed upon land snails. Large-headed...Modified mushrooms may yield human drugs
...lulase for biofuels. "Right now medical treatment exists for about 500 diseases and genetic disorders, but thanks to the human genome project, before long, new drugs will be available for thousands of other diseases," Dr. Romaine said. "We need a new way of mass-producing protein-based drugs, which is econ...Researchers discover 'acquired' DNA key to certain bacterial infection
...erculosis, which causes Johnes disease. M. avium exists in the environment and is thought to infect humans when the infected environmental hosts amoebas are inhaled or swallowed. Incidence of M. avium as a cause of syndromes may be decreasing because of changes in treatment for HIV-infected patients,...New findings challenge established views on human genome
... human genome 1.5 percent to 2 percent. Evidence exists that other parts of the genome also have important functions. However, until now, most studies have concentrated on functional elements associated with specific genes and have not provided insights about functional elements throughout the genome....Cancer drug enhances long-term memory
...AC inhibitors. After an event, a critical window exists when memory consolidation is occurring. During that time, genes associated with memory need to be turned on for certain types of long-term memory to be formed, Wood said. For the HDAC inhibitor to enhance memory, we need to administer the drug during...A living memory chip, black holes on the loose, and a clearer picture of ocean currents
...a star-like object known as a quasar. A quasar exists when the supermassive black hole at the center of a galaxy rapidly acquires gas. As a result, the gas near the black hole heats up and radiates several times as much energy as the Milky Way. A quasar that is displaced from galactic core may well be...